The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to three scientists who made pioneering discoveries about the nature of black holes and showed that a giant one lay at the center of the Milky Way. One half of the prize goes to Roger Penrose, a mathematician at the University of Oxford. The other half is shared by two astronomers: Reinhard Genzel of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics and Andrea Ghez of the University of California, Los Angeles.