101 Must-See Cosmic Objects: NGC 4319 and Markarian 205

An observer’s current technology can limit the ability to answer scientific questions. Film replaced visual observing and CCD chips have now replaced film. And the Hubble Space Telescope and other modern observatories have allowed discoveries far surpassing those achievable with the once all-important Palomar 200-inch telescope. Halton C. Arp’s research […]

The magic of gravity

The great sculptor of the Universe is gravity. It is gravity’s force that assembles the galaxies into arrays of cartwheeling spirals, flocculant sunflowers and immense ellipticals.